Ecology & habitat
Forages in forest understorey, including secondary and selectively logged forest at Mount Cagua.
Evidence & scope
Literature documented · Boiga cynodon account; Fig. 75
Northern Luzon field observations.
Colubridae · Philippine record
Boiga cynodon(BOIE 1827)
Venom: Rear-fanged venomous snake. Venom-gland transcriptomics directly document three-finger toxin genes in this species. Gene detection alone does not establish a particular human clinical effect.
Abstract; genus-wide venom ecology and sampled species
Venom effects and medical significance are different from toxicity rankings. Do not handle a snake on the basis of this summary.
Forages in forest understorey, including secondary and selectively logged forest at Mount Cagua. Its atlas account links 9 named island or island-group records to the source literature.
Literature updated 2026-10-07 · Editorial review pending
Explore the island records ↓Species portrait
Boiga cynodon
Image to followThe illustrated collection
Adult · study plate
Boiga cynodon
Image to followJuvenile · study plate
Boiga cynodon
Image to followLife stages will be labelled from the contributor’s information. Images alone do not establish identification or a locality record.
Media provenance
Contributor images are forthcoming. Photographs and illustrations will retain their individual credits, permissions and evidence notes.
A closer look
Forages in forest understorey, including secondary and selectively logged forest at Mount Cagua.
Literature documented · Boiga cynodon account; Fig. 75
Northern Luzon field observations.
Colour varies from unpatterned blond or tan to grey with dark, irregular crossbands.
Literature documented · Boiga cynodon account
Observed Philippine variation.
The species account records egg-laying reproduction. A verified Philippine clutch-size range, incubation interval and breeding calendar are not established here.
Literature documented · Reproduction field
Reproductive mode reported for this named species.
Mode alone does not establish litter or clutch size, seasonal timing, or captive husbandry requirements.
The atlas records Boiga cynodon from these named Philippine areas: Luzon, Palawan, Mindanao, Leyte, Panay, Basilan, Polillo, Dinagat, Sulu. These are literature areas rather than a continuous range boundary.
Literature documented · Existing checklist occurrence statement and distribution review
The original evidence level is retained.
A country listing cannot establish an island or a precise locality.
Boiga cynodon is retained in the atlas’s dated checklist under Colubridae. The authority is (BOIE 1827). Earlier names and the original source notes are preserved below for comparison.
Literature documented · Checklist identity and nomenclatural trail
Checklist verified 2026-09-05; not a newly revised taxonomic backbone.
Historical names can cover different biological concepts; synonyms should not be used to transfer records automatically.
Across the archipelago
Documented islands: gold · island groups: dashed circles
Island-level records · not continuous habitat coverage. Dashed circles locate groups, not individual observations.
Philippine distribution
Select an island to read its distribution record and sources. Uncoloured islands are not evidence of absence.
Indonesia (Bali, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo, Flores, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Archipelago, Nias, Riau Archipelago, Sumatra, Sumbawa, Komodo); Malaysia (Malaya and East Malaysia); Pulau Tioman, Philippines (Basilan, Culion, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Polillo, Sibutu, Panay); Sulu Archipelago, Singapore, Myanmar (= Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, Laos Type locality: Sumatra
The atlas records Boiga cynodon from these named Philippine areas: Luzon, Palawan, Mindanao, Leyte, Panay, Basilan, Polillo, Dinagat, Sulu. These are literature areas rather than a continuous range boundary.
The Reptile Database — species checklist, 17 June 2026 ↗Existing checklist occurrence statement and distribution review
Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines: A Synthesis of Data from Biodiversity Repositories, Field Studies, and the Literature ↗Existing checklist occurrence statement and distribution review
References attached to this species account. Island-specific evidence is shown separately where available.
The Reptile Database — species checklist, 17 June 2026 ↗
Three-Finger Toxin Diversification in the Venoms of Cat-Eye Snakes (Colubridae: Boiga) ↗
Living with wildlife
Venomous · rear-fanged · Effects not yet summarised in this atlas
Observe from a distance. Do not handle, corner or capture a snake to identify it. An incomplete venom account is not evidence that a species is safe to handle.
After a suspected snakebite, keep the person still and arrange urgent medical care. Avoid tight tourniquets, cutting, suction and unproven remedies. Do not wait to identify the snake before seeking help.
WHO guidance on snakebite first aidSpecies record
Range noteCountry/island text is not a range polygon or locality record.
Indonesia (Bali, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo, Flores, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Archipelago, Nias, Riau Archipelago, Sumatra, Sumbawa, Komodo); Malaysia (Malaya and East Malaysia); Pulau Tioman, Philippines (Basilan, Culion, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Polillo, Sibutu, Panay); Sulu Archipelago, Singapore, Myanmar (= Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, Laos Type locality: Sumatra
Names through time
Dipsas cynodon BOIE 1827: 549 Eudipsas cynodon — FITZINGER 1843 Opetiodon cynodon — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 907 Pareas waandersi BLEEKER 1860 Dipsadomorphus cynodon — BOULENGER 1896 Boiga cynodon — BARBOUR 1912 Boiga cynodon — MERTENS 1930 Boiga cynodon — AUFFENBERG 1980 Boiga cynodon — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 320 Boiga cynodon — COX et al. 1998: 76 Boiga cynodon — CHAN-ARD et al. 1999: 156 Boiga cynodon — MATTISON 2007: 232 Boiga cynodon — GAULKE 2011: 243 Boiga cynodon — COX et al. 2012: 107 Boiga cynodon — WALLACH et al. 2014: 102 Boiga cynodon — WEINELL et al. 2020
Distribution: Reports of B. cynodon from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam are often based on misidentified B. ocellata (TILLACK et al. 2004). Not in India fide I. Das (pers. comm., 22 Dec 2011). Possibly in Bhutan (Lenz 2012). Not in India fide Mohapatra et al. 2024 (ZSI checklist). Not in Bangladesh fide Al Haidar et al. 2025. Habitat: fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018).
Uetz, P.; Freed, P.; Aguilar, R.; Reyes, F.; Kudera, J.; Hošek, J. (eds.)
Leviton, A. E.; Siler, C. D.; Weinell, J. L.; Brown, R. M.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 64(14): 399–568
Brown, R. M.; Siler, C. D.; Oliveros, C. H.; Welton, L. J.; Rock, A.; Swab, J.; Van Weerd, M.; Van Beijnen, J.; Jose, E.; Rodriguez, D.; Jose, E.; Diesmos, A. C.
ZooKeys 266: 1–120
Dashevsky, D.; Debono, J.; Rokyta, D.; Nouwens, A.; Josh, P.; Fry, B. G.
Journal of Molecular Evolution 86: 531–545
DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9864-6
Explicit genus-wide venom ecology; directly samples B. cynodon and B. dendrophila. Species-specific toxin activity is not extrapolated across the genus.
Uetz, P.; Hallermann, J. et al. (editors)
Public species fields consulted for bounded biological summaries. Primary sources quoted within the database were not independently examined unless explicitly stated. The catalogue name may differ from the current source title.